Privacy Protection: A Tale of Two Cultures

The paper provides a novel and critical analysis of privacy as an instrumental notion within social and cultural contexts. The argument suggests there is much utility in a novel multiple-perspective approach to the study of privacy in a socio-legal context. It questions our assumptions about privacy by looking to a differing privacy culture - that of the India. It examines the Indian perception of privacy based on India's cultural values and offers an explanation for why India's concept of privacy is beyond the often dominated public-private dichotomy and why it has implicitly or explicitly affected the agenda for privacy theory by placing some issues in the limelight while leaving others backstage. The importance of the argument is due to its critical assessment of the current European approach (from the EC, ECJ and ECHR) where privacy is regarded as an inalienable right with a concrete psychological foundation. I argue that privacy interests are far more extensive and deeper than the European definition which can at best capture only some of the issues which require elucidation when we litigate over privacy

Metallophores associated with Trichodesmium erythraeum colonies from the Gulf of Aqaba

Trichodesmium is a globally important marine nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria which forms colonies and utilizes atmospherically derived dust as a source for the limiting micro-nutrient iron. Here we report the identification of metallophores isolated from incubations of natural Trichodesmium colonies collected from the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea. Three of our compounds were identified as the ferrioxamine siderophores B, E, and G. The remaining fifteen metallophores had mass to charge ratios that, to our knowledge, are not common to known siderophores. Putative sum formulas suggest most of these compounds were not structurally related to each other. We also found that the novel metallophores readily formed complexes with aluminium and were less specific for Fe than the ferrioxamines. In our incubations of Trichodesmium colonies, the abundance of ten of the novel metallophores positively correlated with Trichodesmium biomass, but not with bacterial biomass, whilst ferrioxamine siderophores were more strongly associated with bacterial biomass. We identified ferrioxamines and our novel metallophores in filtered surface seawater samples from the Gulf of Aqaba. However, our novel metallophores were only observed in the surface seawater sample collected at the time of highest Trichodesmium abundance, while ferrioxamines were observed even when Trichodesmium was not present. We hypothesize that the novel metallophores were specifically associated with Trichodesmium colonies. Together with the bacterially produced ferrioxamines they likely contribute to a distinctive “ligandosphere” surrounding the Trichodesmium colonies, with potential implications for metal homeostasis within the colony environment

Hydrogen Dynamics in Trichodesmium Colonies and Their Potential Role in Mineral Iron Acquisition

N2-fixing cyanobacteria mediate H2 fluxes through the opposing processes of H2 evolution, which is a by-product of the N2 fixation reaction, and H2 uptake, which is driven by uptake hydrogenases. Here, we used microelectrodes to characterize H2 and O2 dynamics in single natural colonies of the globally important N2 fixer Trichodesmium collected from the Gulf of Eilat. We observed gradually changing H2 dynamics over the course of the day, including both net H2 evolution and net H2 uptake, as well as large differences in H2 fluxes between individual colonies. Net H2 uptake was observed in colonies amended with H2 in both light and dark. Net H2 evolution was recorded in the light only, reflecting light-dependent N2 fixation coupled to H2 evolution. Both net H2 evolution and H2 uptake rates were higher before 2 pm than later in the day. These pronounced H2 dynamics in the morning coincided with strong net O2 uptake and the previously reported diel peak in N2 fixation. Later in the afternoon, when photosynthesis rates determined by O2 measurements were highest, and N2 fixation rates decrease according to previous studies, the H2 dynamics were also less pronounced. Thus, the observed diel variations in H2 dynamics reflect diel changes in the rates of O2 consumption and N2 fixation. Remarkably, the presence of H2 strongly stimulated the uptake of mineral iron by natural colonies. The magnitude of this effect was dependent on the time of day, with the strongest response in incubations that started before 2 pm, i.e., the period that covered the time of highest uptake hydrogenase activity. Based on these findings, we propose that by providing an electron source for mineral iron reduction in N2-fixing cells, H2 may contribute to iron uptake in Trichodesmium colonies

BILETA Response to UK Government Consultation: Data a new direction

This Government consultation presents proposals that build on the key elements of the current UK General Data Protection Regulation (UK GDPR), such as its data processing principles, its data rights for citizens, and its mechanisms for supervision and enforcement. The proposals aim to deliver an even better data protection regime that will: Support vibrant competition and innovation to drive economic growth Maintain high data protection standards without creating unnecessary barriers to responsible data use Keep pace with the rapid innovation of data-intensive technologies Help innovative businesses of all sizes to use data responsibly without undue uncertainty or risk, both in the UK and internationally Ensure the Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO) is equipped to regulate effectively in an increasingly data-driven world This consultation is the first step in the process of reforming the UK’s regime for the protection of personal data and reflects. This report elaborates on the British and Irish Law Education Technology Association (BILETA) perspectives on data protection reform

Colonies of marine cyanobacteria Trichodesmium interact with associated bacteria to acquire iron from dust

Iron (Fe) bioavailability limits phytoplankton growth in vast ocean regions. Iron-rich dust uplifted from deserts is transported in the atmosphere and deposited on the ocean surface. However, this dust is a poor source of iron for most phytoplankton since dust-bound Fe is poorly soluble in seawater and dust rapidly sinks out of the photic zone. An exception is Trichodesmium, a globally important, N2 fixing, colony forming, cyanobacterium, which efficiently captures and shuffles dust to its colony core. Trichodesmium and bacteria that reside within its colonies carry out diverse metabolic interactions. Here we show evidence for mutualistic interactions between Trichodesmium and associated bacteria for utilization of iron from dust, where bacteria promote dust dissolution by producing Fe-complexing molecules (siderophores) and Trichodesmium provides dust and optimal physical settings for dissolution and uptake. Our results demonstrate how intricate relationships between producers and consumers can influence productivity in the nutrient starved open ocean

Legal framework for small autonomous agricultural robots

Legal structures may form barriers to, or enablers of, adoption of precision agriculture management with small autonomous agricultural robots. This article develops a conceptual regulatory framework for small autonomous agricultural robots, from a practical, self-contained engineering guide perspective, sufficient to get working research and commercial agricultural roboticists quickly and easily up and running within the law. The article examines the liability framework, or rather lack of it, for agricultural robotics in EU, and their transpositions to UK law, as a case study illustrating general international legal concepts and issues. It examines how the law may provide mitigating effects on the liability regime, and how contracts can be developed between agents within it to enable smooth operation. It covers other legal aspects of operation such as the use of shared communications resources and privacy in the reuse of robot-collected data. Where there are some grey areas in current law, it argues that new proposals could be developed to reform these to promote further innovation and investment in agricultural robots

Taxation of e-commerce from a global perspective

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